- 一句话里有两件过去的事，谁先谁后光凭过去式看不出来，这时候就得靠过去完成式排序。
- 结构是 had + 过去分词，说在过去某个时间点之前已经发生的事。
- 两件过去的事放在一起，先发生的用过去完成式，后发生的用过去简单式，语序换了意思不变。
- before + 过去完成式，说某件事在另一件事发生前还没做完。
- 常搭配 already/still/just/ever/never 这几个副词；只有一件过去的事时不用过去完成式，哪怕年代久远。
重点内容
基本结构
had + 过去分词（past participle）
- 肯定：He had forgotten to buy bread.
- 否定：It hadn't rained at the beginning of May.
- 疑问：Had the parcel arrived when you called?
用法一：时间点之前已完成的动作
表示在过去某个时间点之前已经发生的事情。
- She'd published her first poem by the time she was eight.
→ 她八岁之前就已经发表了第一首诗。 - We'd finished all the water before we were halfway up the mountain.
→ 还没爬到一半，水就喝完了。
用法二：两件过去的事，说清楚哪件先发生
过去完成式 = 先发生的那件事；过去简单式 = 后发生的那件事。
- When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.
→ 警察到的时候，小偷已经跑了。（先跑，后到） - My new job wasn't exactly what I'd expected.
→ 新工作不完全是我预期的样子。
句子顺序不影响意思： The thief had escaped when the police arrived. = When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.
只有一件过去的事时，不用过去完成式，哪怕是很久以前： ✅ The Romans spoke Latin.（不是 had spoken）
用法三：before + 过去完成式
before + 过去完成式 表示某动作在另一件事发生之前还没完成。
- They left before I'd spoken to them. → 我还没来得及跟他们说话，他们就走了。
- The author died before he'd finished the series. → 作者还没写完系列就去世了。
常见副词搭配
| 副词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| already | 在那之前已经 | He'd already left when I called. |
| still | 仍然（还没） | It still hadn't rained by May. |
| just | 刚刚 | She'd just moved to Berlin. |
| ever | 有没有（曾经） | It was the most beautiful photo I'd ever seen. |
| never | 从来没有 | I'd never met anyone from California. |
例句练习
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| He couldn't make a sandwich because he'd forgotten to buy bread. | 他没办法做三明治，因为他忘了买面包。 |
| The hotel was full, so I was glad that we'd booked in advance. | 酒店客满了，幸好我们提前预订了。 |
| When I arrived at the party, most people had already left. | 我到派对的时候，大多数人已经走了。 |
| She had never seen the sea before she moved to the coast. | 搬到海边之前，她从没见过大海。 |
| By the time he graduated, he had worked three part-time jobs. | 毕业前，他已经做过三份兼职了。 |
常见错误
❌ When I arrived, she already left.
✅ When I arrived, she had already left. （表示比另一件过去的事更早发生，要用过去完成式 had left）
❌ He had spoke to her before the meeting.
✅ He had spoken to her before the meeting. （had 后面接过去分词，speak 的过去分词是 spoken，不是 spoke）
❌ They had arrived yesterday.
✅ They arrived yesterday. （有明确的过去时间词 yesterday，表示单一事件，用过去简单式就够了）
Sources
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