- 「a system whereby users pay monthly」「in which case we'll cancel」——这些关系词在合约和报告里天天出现，却很少在课本里教。
- B1-B2 学过 who / which / that；C2 要会的是：介词 + which/whom、whereby、in which case、all of which / most of whom 这类量词 + of which，以及 the extent to which。
- 这些结构让长句更精确、更正式，也能把两三句话压成一句。
- 学完能读懂法律条款、学术文章的复杂长句，也能自己写出来。
重点内容
介词 + which / whom
正式写作把介词放在关系词前面：
| 口语（介词在后） | 正式（介词在前） |
|---|---|
| the company I work for | the company for which I work |
| the person I spoke to | the person to whom I spoke |
| the reason he left for | the reason for which he left |
介词前面只能用 which / whom，不能用 that 或 who：
- ❌ the person to who I spoke
- ❌ the company for that I work
whereby
意思是「透过这个方式/安排」，= by which / through which：
- The bank introduced a scheme whereby customers can pay in instalments.
- They reached an agreement whereby both sides would reduce tariffs.
whereby 常接在 system、scheme、arrangement、process、agreement 后面。
量词 + of which / of whom
用来补充说明前面名词的一部分或全部：
| 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| all of which | We received 200 applications, all of which were reviewed. |
| most of whom | The event attracted 500 visitors, most of whom were students. |
| none of which | He offered three solutions, none of which worked. |
| some of whom | I have many cousins, some of whom live in Penang. |
| the majority of which | ...the majority of which... |
人用 whom，物用 which；前面要有逗号（非限定从句）。
in which case
意思是「如果那样的话」，指前面整句提到的情况：
- The flight may be delayed, in which case we'll take the later train.
- You might not get the email, in which case please call us.
the extent to which / the degree to which
- It is unclear the extent to which the policy has helped.
- We need to measure the degree to which customers are satisfied.
which 指代整个句子
非限定从句里的 which 可以指前面整句话：
- He finally apologised, which surprised everyone.
- The price went up by 20%, which means fewer people will buy it.
这里不能用 that 或 what：❌ ..., what surprised everyone.
whose 指物
whose 不只指人，也可以指物（= of which）：
- a company whose profits have doubled
- a theory whose origins are unclear
例句练习
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| The government launched a programme whereby first-time buyers receive a subsidy. | 政府推出一项计划，首购族可以获得补贴。 |
| The survey had 300 respondents, most of whom were aged under 30. | 调查有 300 名受访者，大部分在 30 岁以下。 |
| The client may reject the proposal, in which case we'll need a plan B. | 客户可能会拒绝提案，那样的话我们就需要备用方案。 |
| This is the committee to whom all complaints should be addressed. | 所有投诉都应该提交给这个委员会。 |
| It rained all week, which ruined our holiday. | 下了一整个星期的雨，毁了我们的假期。 |
常见错误
❌ This is the person to who I spoke.
✅ This is the person to whom I spoke.
介词后面用 whom，不用 who。
❌ We interviewed 50 staff, most of them were satisfied.
✅ We interviewed 50 staff, most of whom were satisfied.
用逗号连接两个完整句子是 comma splice，要改成 of whom。
❌ He finally apologised, what surprised everyone.
✅ He finally apologised, which surprised everyone.
指代整句用 which，不用 what。
❌ the company for that I work
✅ the company for which I work
介词前面不能用 that。
Sources
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