- it、this/these、that/those 三者都能指代前文内容，但语气强弱和「距离感」不同——this 暗示还会继续讲，that 用来跟某个说法保持距离，或回指更前面的段落。
- that/those 在正式英文里可以代替「the one(s)」，常搭配 of，避免重复名词（如 that of a group of teenagers）。
- such 指代前面提到的类型，用在 a/an + 单数或复数/不可数名词前；do so 代替重复的动词。
- 同义词替换也是常见招数，能让文章更简短、更不啰嗦，也更有趣。
重点内容
it、this、that 在文章里的用法
三者都能用来指代前面提过的内容，但语气强弱和距离感不同：
- it：单纯指代已经在谈的东西，没有特别强调
- We watched the latest episode last night. It was OK, but not nearly as good as the previous ones.
- this/these：语气更强，常表示这是新的/有趣的内容，暗示后面还会继续讲
- More funding has been approved for primary schools in the area. This does not, however, solve the problem faced by …
- that/those：同样比 it 更强调，但带有「距离感」——可以用来跟某个想法保持距离，或指代文章更前面提到的内容
- They're idiots! … OK, sorry, maybe that was unfair.
- A classic mistake … Such items can include shoes, extra toiletries and electronics. （两段之后）Those extra kilos of weight are soon left behind …
that/those 也常用来表达「更远的物理距离」：Scientists believe that some animals may use the Earth's magnetic fields to find their way from A to B, even if that B is thousands of miles away.
that/those 表示「the one(s)」（正式用法）
在较正式的英文里，that/those 可以代替「the one(s)」，常搭配 of，用来避免重复：
- We compared our experience to that of a group of teenagers.（that = the experience）
- They obtained better exam results than those of the same year group.（those = the exam results）
those who 表示「the people who」：She was among those who voted for the policy.
such 表示「这一类」
较正式英文里，such 可以指代前面提到的类型：
- Some species of ants can find their way using the memory of how many steps they have taken. Such navigation methods are actually fairly basic compared with others.
such 用在 a/an + 单数名词前，或复数/不可数名词前，常搭配 no、the only、the few、the first 等表达：
- It is the only such library in the city.
- The first such meeting will be held in April.
do so 代替重复动词
较正式英文里，do so 代替「以提到的方式行事」，避免重复动词：
- Our company raised salaries, but few others in the sector did so.
- Employees who have agreed to work overtime should be prepared to do so this month.
用同义词避免重复
用意思相近的词或短语替代重复用词，能让文章更简短、更容易读、也更有趣：
- Air pollution is a significant problem in many European capitals. Urgent action needs to be taken on this worrying issue.
- Salmon use their sense of smell to travel back to the river where they were born. These aquatic homing missiles can travel hundreds of miles …
例句练习
| 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| The composition of chimpanzee muscle was found to differ from that of humans. | 黑猩猩肌肉的构成被发现与人类的不同。 |
| Featuring holes at an altitude of 2,895m, it is the only such golf course in the world. | 这是世界上唯一一个坐落在海拔 2895 米高的高尔夫球场。 |
| Those who are unable to attend the event in person are invited to view it online. | 无法亲自出席活动的人可以在线观看。 |
| While some went vegan for the supposed health benefits, others reported doing so for ethical reasons. | 有些人吃素是为了健康好处，也有人是出于道德理由这样做。 |
常见错误
❌ We compared our experience to the experience of a group of teenagers.（重复了 experience）
✅ We compared our experience to that of a group of teenagers.
用 that of 代替重复的名词，句子更简洁，也是较正式的写法。
❌ 分不清 this 和 that 用在什么场合
想强调「这是新的、接下来还要继续讲」用 this；想跟某个说法保持距离，或指代更前面段落的内容，用 that——距离感是关键区别。
Sources
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